What Is the Voltage Drop for 2 AWG at 4A and 500 Feet?

2 AWG copper carrying 4 amps over 500 feet on a single-phase / DC circuit drops 0.776 volts (0.6467% on a 120V source). This sits within the 3% branch target and the 5% feeder+branch total target that NEC 210.19(A) Informational Note 4 cites. Both are planning targets, not code requirements.

2 AWG, 4A, 500ft · single-phase / DC

0.776 V drop (0.6467% on 120V)

On 120V circuit0.6467%

On 240V circuit0.3233%

Circuit basis: This uses the single-phase / DC round-trip formula (factor of 2) for the voltage drop across the two circuit conductors. For a three-phase line-to-line run use the three-phase version of the page (append ?type=3ph). Switch to the three-phase version →

Gauge

2 AWG

Amps

Feet

Drop @ 120V

0.78V (0.65%)

Assumes a 120V source on a single-phase / DC circuit. Use the circuit-basis link above to switch between single-phase/DC and three-phase.

Voltage Drop Formula (single-phase / DC)

V_drop = (2 × L × I × R) ÷ 1000

(2 × 500 × 4 × 0.194) ÷ 1000 = 0.776 V

DC and single-phase AC use the round-trip factor of 2. Current travels out to the load on one conductor and returns on another.

For a three-phase circuit at the same amps and distance, see the three-phase version (uses √3 instead of 2, so the drop is about 13.4% lower).

Percentage

%VD = (V_drop ÷ V_source) × 100

On 120V: (0.776 ÷ 120) × 100 = 0.6467%

On 240V: (0.776 ÷ 240) × 100 = 0.3233%

How This Estimate Changes with Run Length and Gauge

Gauge Check

2 AWG clears the 3% drop target at these inputs. A smaller conductor may also meet it with less margin. See the minimum gauge for this load and distance.

Impact of Distance

Voltage drop is proportional to distance. Here is 2 AWG at 4A at different distances:

Distance	Drop (V)	% on 120V	% on 240V	NEC (120V)
25ft	0.0388V	0.0323%	0.0162%	OK
50ft	0.0776V	0.0647%	0.0323%	OK
75ft	0.1164V	0.097%	0.0485%	OK
100ft	0.1552V	0.1293%	0.0647%	OK
150ft	0.2328V	0.194%	0.097%	OK
200ft	0.3104V	0.2587%	0.1293%	OK
300ft	0.4656V	0.388%	0.194%	OK

Same Run, Different Wire Gauges

How does wire gauge affect voltage drop for 4A at 500 feet on 120V single-phase / DC? Only gauges whose branch-circuit OCP cap is at or above the 4A load are listed, since thinner gauges would fail the ampacity check before drop even matters.

Gauge	Drop (V)	% on 120V	% on 240V	3% Target (120V)
2 AWG	0.776V	0.6467%	0.3233%	OK
1 AWG	0.616V	0.5133%	0.2567%	OK
1/0 AWG	0.488V	0.4067%	0.2033%	OK
2/0 AWG	0.3868V	0.3223%	0.1612%	OK
3/0 AWG	0.3064V	0.2553%	0.1277%	OK
4/0 AWG	0.2432V	0.2027%	0.1013%	OK

Related Calculations

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the voltage drop for 2 AWG at 4A and 500ft?expand_more

2 AWG carrying 4A over 500ft has a 0.776V drop (0.6467% on 120V). Reference: 0.3233% on 240V.

What wire gauge should I use instead of 2 AWG for this run?expand_more

2 AWG already sits within the 3% branch-circuit drop target at these inputs (0.6467% on 120V). Going to a larger gauge is only useful if you want more headroom for future load growth, longer runs, or tighter drop targets like the 5% feeder+branch total recommendation used in sensitive or motor-heavy installations.

Is voltage drop worse on 120V or 240V?expand_more

Same wire, same amps, same distance: the volts dropped are identical. But the percentage is worse on 120V because the drop is a larger fraction of the source voltage. This run would be 0.3233% on 240V versus 0.6467% on 120V.

Why does distance affect voltage drop?expand_more

Voltage drop is proportional to distance. The formula multiplies by 2 × the distance (out and back). Doubling the run doubles the drop.

Does 2 AWG meet the 3% drop target at 4A and 500ft on 120V?expand_more

On 120V, this run sits at 0.6467%, which is within the 3% branch and 5% feeder+branch total drop targets. NEC 210.19(A) Informational Note 4 cites 3% for branch circuits and 5% for total feeder+branch drop as performance recommendations, not hard code requirements.

This calculator provides estimates for reference purposes only. Always consult a licensed electrician and verify compliance with the National Electrical Code (NEC) and local electrical codes before performing any electrical work.